Organisational Change of Clemenger BBDO

Introduction Business operational dynamics require an organisation to embrace changes. Variations of economy, political climate, and technological dynamics create the necessity for organisational change.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organisational Change of Clemenger BBDO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Clemenger BBDO, which is a leading advertising organisation in Australia, sought to create organisational change by implementing various changes among them being leadership structures together with improvement of the business of the organisation. These changes failed to yield the anticipated results. The organisation faced challenges of poor customer relations and high rate of employees’ turnover coupled with poor performance in terms of profitability. Hence, the main tasks of the new CEO of the organisation were to implement changes that would give the organisation a chance to address these challe nges. Using Clemenger BBDO as the main case study of organisational changes and/or how the changes can yield success of an organisation, this paper investigates the nature and drivers of organisational change, the change process and strategy, and organisational culture. Nature and Propellers of Organisational Change Organisational change is driven by the need to create a highly performing organisation in terms of competitiveness. Organisational change is a continuous process aimed at addressing the need to meet the demands of continuous changes, which influence the environment of an organisation. Organisations in all industries are interested in maintaining their levels of competitiveness for continued delivery of value to their owners: shareholders. According to Bertscherk and Kaiser (2004), â€Å"any organisation in today’s fast moving environment that is looking for the pace of change to slow is likely to be sorely disappointed† (p.395). This means that organisation s need to welcome and embrace changes that would increase their performance. Zhou and Tse (2006) support this assertion by maintaining that organisations that are reluctant to embrace change risk losing their competitive edge (p. 249). In 1990s, Clemenger BBDO lost some of the royal customers to competitors, thus prompting the company to encounter heavy financial difficulties.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its best staff left with the repercussion of dwindled work morale. An organisation that is undergoing such difficulties is unable to deliver value to its owners in terms of increased returns on investments. Thus, change was inevitable. Indeed, Rob Morgan sought the help of Peter Biggs in the effort to create organisational change at Clemenger BBDO. Organisational change initiates by a clear statement of business problems followed by enumeration of the contributing f actors to the problems. Beer, Eisenstat, and Spector (1990) support this assertion by further stating that, after the definition of the problems, an organisation then proceeds to â€Å"reorganise employees’ roles, responsibilities, and relations to solve specific business problems† (1990, p.161). The business problem for Clemenger BBDO was to look for innovative ways for restoring work morale for employees together with looking for ways of attracting and retaining new clientele. Although literature on organisational change contends that change strategies often fail (Van de Ven Poole 1995, p. 513: Piderit 2000, p.783), failure to implement change exposes an organisation to more dangers in the future (Zhou Tse 2006, p.248). Peter Biggs considered analysing the probable changes, which while implemented would have turned the fortunes of the organisation around. Organisations may embrace several types of change in the quest to enhance their performance. These include tran sformational, developmental, and transitional changes. Through the leadership of Peter Giggs, Clemenger BBDO implemented transformational changes in the effort to enhance the contribution of leadership in organisational success and/or create an organisational culture that fosters innovation and motivation of workforce in the bid to create good customer relations. In any organisation, according to Dunphy and Stace (1993), change is implemented in three main approaches: â€Å"consultative, directive, collaborative, or coercive approaches† (p.911). Given the factors leading to the necessity of change in Clemenger BBDO, the best approach was collaborative.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organisational Change of Clemenger BBDO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leadership is a key propeller of organisational change. During organisational change, leadership plays the role of associating resources and opport unities together with organisational competences with anticipated outcomes of change implementation (Bass 1993, p.40). Warrick (2011) further reinforces this position by arguing that leaders serve the principal function of establishing a teamwork culture, culture of mutual respect, effective communication, and culture for compliance to organisational standards of productive performance (p.17). Peter Biggs endeavoured to create a culture that fosters open communication, employees’ engagement, and respect together with collective collaboration. These cultural aspects were critical in enhancing trust and workforce commitment to the goals, aims, and objectives of the organisation. Organisational Change Processes Peter Biggs stated that the main challenge of the organisation was that it never looked for imaginative ways of keeping it successful in changing business environment. This claim formed the initiating step for organisational change at Clemenger BBDO. Organisational change processes take several steps. They include the creation of change awareness, identification of the area that requires change, and diagnosis of the problematic areas (Senior 2002, p.52). Propellers of organisational change proceed to reviewing and analysing all possible solutions with a particular focus on their implications in terms of the performance of the organisation in the future. This forms the basis of reassessment of change plans before they are fully implemented. Awareness is particularly important in an organisation to mitigate the probabilities of resistance to change driven by the desire to maintain the status quo among employees (Oxtoby, McGuiness Morgan 2002, p.310). An organisation implementing change attracts questions of how and why it is not able to attain certain specified goals in the organisation’s visions and mission statements. This creates an opportunity for adoption of creative and innovative strategies for enhancing success.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organisational change management has several aspects. They include â€Å"evaluation, lifecycle, teleology, and dialectics† (Ven Poole 1995, p.525). Life cycle refers to the process of organisational growth and maturation together with decline phases. For Clemenger BBDO, the focus of organisational life cycle was to re-engineer the operation of the organisation to address issues of decline of the business of the organisation. At Clemenger BBDO, decline was marked by reduced financial performance, deterioration of customer relations, poor motivation of employees, and increased labour turnover. Other perspectives of organisational change process are cultural changes and social cognition (Kezar 2000, p.35). From the cultural perspectives, anticipations for changes are rested on the platforms of mutual aims, values, goals, and objectives of an organisation. Clemenger BBDO concentrated on cultural aspects, which foster the implementation of effective strategies for organisational change. Change at Clemenger BBDO was also driven by the concepts of postmodern aspects of organisational change. Postmodernism states the significance and the role played by decentralisation, engagement, and the commitment to adapt all people to organisational change with the aim of establishing social realities. Its relevance at Clemenger BBDO is akin to the concern that the organisation sought to promote novelty and innovation, which were the primary focus of Peter Biggs. At Clemenger BBDO, change was not only significant to the owners of the company since they would benefit from increased returns owing to the increased clientele levels but also to employees. Organisational change is essential in an organisation since it permits people to acquire new skills and knowledge bases, exploits emerging opportunities for career growth, and/or develops creative and innovative mindsets (Nelson 2003, p.19). These merits have the implication of making an organisation perform better in the com petitive market environment. This implies that the process of organisational change is about enhancing the performance of employees via putting in place mechanisms of enabling them to achieve better outputs. However, according to Graetz et al. (2011), the transition stage in the process of organisational change creates tension between the personnel in an organisation driving change and employees. For Clemenger BBDO, tension is manifested through concerns of employees in terms of helping in creating change by aligning themselves to new organisational culture, values, and worries of the capacity to achieve new roles within the organisation. This issue underlines the significance of incorporating rational perspectives of organisational change in the effort to align organisational structure and change process with the business environment. In this context, Peter Biggs endeavoured to ensure the business environment, which is characterised by turbulence, is aligned to the organisational s tructure and employees’ engagement efforts. Peter Biggs accomplished this goal by taking a strong leadership position on the desired direction of organisational change. Change Strategies and Organisational Culture Organisational culture is the heart of establishment and maintenance of motivational strategies, desired direction of the organisation and mechanisms of development of organisational commitment. Organisational culture refers to the values that are shared by all personnel within an organisation (Piderit 2000, p.785). The appropriate strategies for implementation of organisational culture are set out by cultural web (Graetz et al. 2011, p.45). Peter Biggs identified a myriad of tools, which would make it possible for the lost state of the company as the market leader in advertising to be restored. The most reliable clients of the organisation had left it hence destroying the brand position of Clemenger BBDO. The organisational commitment was also not spared. Peter Big gs struggled to restore these lost glories of the company by creating an organisational culture that favours innovation and creativity. This means that the organisational structure and methods of leadership in the organisation needed to follow this strategy for rekindling performance of the company. Peter Biggs set his objective as establishing a culture and organisational goals at Clemenger BBDO linking strategic plans of the organisation based on the concerns of making the organisation a market leader in advertising again. This endeavour supports Mintzberg’s argument that strategic plans of an organisation need to aid in the creation of innovative systems in an organisation that is capable of having a long-term sustainability (2004, p.78). At Clemenger BBDO, strategic plans were deployed as channels for accommodation of unprecedented changes for the organisation. This was important in helping the company to remain competitive. Conclusion The business environment of an organ isation is not static. Hence, organisations deploy innovative strategies for ensuring that they remain competitive and/or retain their market share. This calls for development of an appropriate strategy and restructuring of organisations to facilitate cultural change together with deployment of resources that are available to an organisation to enhance compliance to new changes. As argued in the paper, Peter Biggs was successful in his identification of the problems, which had plagued Clemenger BBDO by implementing a collaborative organisational culture that fostered innovation and sharing of knowledge among customers and employees of the organisation. This strategy was effective in restoring the status of Clemenger BBDO as the market leader in advertising in Australia. Although organisational change strategies are characterised by immense failures, the case of organisational change at BIDDO is an important benchmark for success in organisational change strategies. References Bass, M 1993, Leadership and performance beyond expectation, Free Press, New York. Beer, M, Eisenstat, R Spector, B 1990, ‘Why Change Programs Do Not Produce Change’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 158-166. Bertscherk, I Kaiser, U 2004, ‘Productivity Effects of Organisational Change: Microeconometric Evidence,’ Management Science, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 394-404. Dunphy, D Stace, D 1993, ‘The Strategic Management of Corporate Change’, Human Relations, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 905-920. Graetz, F, Rimmmer, M, Smith, A, Lawrence, A 2011, Managing Organisational Change, Queensland, Milton. Kezar, A 2000, Understanding and Facilitating Change in Higher Education in the 21st Century, Jossey-Bass, Washington. Mintzberg, H 2004, ‘Ideas about Management’, Engaging leadership, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 67-81. Nelson, L 2003, ‘A case study in organisational change: implications for theory’, The Learning Organisation, vol.10, no.1, pp. 18–30. Oxtoby, B, McGuiness, T Morgan, R 2002, ‘Developing Organisational Change Capability’, European Management Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 310-320. Piderit, K 2000, ‘Rethinking Resistance and Recognising Ambivalence: A Multidimensional View of Attitudes toward an Organisational Change’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 25 no. 12, pp. 783–794. Senior, B 2002, Organisational Change, Prentice Hall, London. Van de Ven, A Poole, M 1995, ‘Explaining development and change in organisations’, The Academy of Management Review, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 510-540. Warrick, D 2011, ‘The Urgent Need for Skilled Transformational Leaders: Integrating Transformational Leadership and Organisation Development’, Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 11-32. Zhou, Z Tse, D 2006, ‘Organisational changes in emerging economies: drivers and consequences’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 37, no.13, pp. 248-263. This case study on Organisational Change of Clemenger BBDO was written and submitted by user Ph1ll1p to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Calculators on the SAT Tips from Experts

Calculators on the SAT Tips from Experts SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Calculators are allowed on the SAT, and not using them correctly can put you far behind. SAT experts Fred Zhang and Allen Cheng discuss which tips and strategies worked for them in getting perfect scores. Intro to Calculators on the SAT Allen: So just how important are calculators to the SAT? Fred: I would say they're of medium importance on the SATMath section. You absolutely need to have the right calculator strategy. On the one hand, most of the work on the math section (even the calculator section!) is interpreting the problem - a calculator can't do that for you. On the other hand, not using a calculator or using the wrong calculator strategy can really mess you up. Allen: I agree. Calculators can't make your day, but can definitely break your day.You need to avoid mistakes to get a good score on SAT Math, which you need to do if, for example, you are aiming for a top engineering school. Here are our top tips. Tip 1: Bring a Calculator The College Board Official Calculator Policy says that you don't need a calculator for the SAT. They say that because the College Board needs to make the SAT seem accessible to people of all income levels. The reality is that a calculator,and the right calculator at that, is an absolute must. We've taken the ACT, SAT, GRE, MCAT, and a whole slew of standardized tests as well as class tests. Whenever calculators were allowed, 9 out of 10 times they were of substantial help. When you need to multiply 2392 x 323, it's faster and more accurate to do so on a calculator. Bring your calculator! Tip 2: Always Double-Check the Entry Line What's an entry line? It's a lineat the top of the calculator that shows you what you've typed: Many Scientific Calculators, like the Casio fx-300MS (Fred's personal favorite for the SAT), have an entry line, as do the Ti-83, Ti-84 and Ti-89. Fred: Always, always glance at this to double-check before you hit enter. Glancing takes less than a second, and so many times I caught myself typing (425+25) instead of (424+25) or reversing a decimal. A few mistakes like that on the math section can cost you up to 50-100 points! By double-checking, I have managed almost never to make a computation mistake. Allen: Absolutely. My favorite SAT calculator is the Ti-89, and I check the entry line all the time. If you're a high scorer, it is crucial for preventing careless mistakes. If you're not a high scorer, it lets you double check the order of operations, and lets you match the equation on the paper. Fred: Oh, and implicit in all of this is that you should stay away from calculators that don't have an entry line.That 4-function (only does add, subtract, multiply, divide) calculator in the closet? No way. Some scientific calculators don't have an entry line - using one would put you at a big disadvantage. Tip 3: Be Familiar With Your Calculator Allen: What would you say your worst calculator experiences were? Fred: Oh, by far, in school when I had to use one I wasn't used to. I'd be hunting around for the "sine" symbol. I'd find it, but then realize I have to hit another button at the same time to activate it. And to add to that, halfway through the quiz, I realized the calculator angle unit was set in radians instead of degrees, so my answers would be all wrong. As an aside, do you know how to swim or ride a bike? If so, then you know how important being familiar with an activity is. Calculator familiarity is no different. If you’re hoping to get the most out of your calculator, you must, must, must use one that you are used to. One that you've used for 20 hours or more, ideally. You have a vague muscle memory of where the keys are, what settings there are, and so forth. Remember this: the worst calculator is an unfamiliar calculator. A familiar scientific calculator is far better than an unfamiliar Ti-89. How do you gain familiarity with a calculator? Pick one you like, and then use it for tests, homework, and anything else. To the extent possible, when doing classwork, don't borrow other people's, don't use the class calculator. Gain familiarity with one calculator model. Tip 4: Know When to Put the Calculator Down Allen: Is there such thing as believing in the calculator too much? Putting too much faith in it? Fred: Oh, absolutely. Throughout my career, I've seen so many students who think that the right calculator will magically solve all their math problems.These students go through the trouble of firing up their Ti-84, navigating a slew of menus to find a high-powered cubic equation solver, slowly enter in the equation carefully, hit enter, and get a rounded answer like .588 that they have to convert back to 10/17. Allen: I've seen those in my day, and the kicker is that the math problem would take 2 minutes to do on the calculator, while if you just thought creatively about the problem, you'd get it in 15 seconds. Fred: For sure, calculator over-users suffer from typos on the calculator, and the conversion of rounded numbers to fractions. Beware of Using a Calculator When: You feel like you have to use a super-complicated program to solve it. You know the answer is a fraction like 5/13, but the calculator only outputs decimal equivalents. When you have to use a large number of key-presses or menu navigations to get to your answer. More key presses means more chances for mistakes. Our golden rule: If what you're trying to do with your graphing calculator is NOT doable on a scientific calculator, you are likely overusing your calculator. In fact, I would go so far as to say that you should really only be using the calculator to do combinations of the four basic functions,like (425+25)/3 - (42*4)/3. You Should Use Calculators: To improve the accuracy of 4-function calculations (but be careful what you type!). To speed up complex 4-function calculations (typing 3823 * 84 is much faster than doing it by hand). For minimal other uses. Bonus QA: What's Your Favorite Calculator for the SAT and Why? Fred: For sure, the Casio fx-300MS. I have so many reasons for loving this calculator (and they're not paying me to say this): It has an entry line, and we talked about how important this is. It's a relatively simple calculator, meaning all teachers will let you use it for exams that allow calculators, so you can get a lot of practice using this calculator. Since it's a simple calculator, you'll also never be tempted to boot up the cubic equation solver, which we discussed before is often less than optimal. The only drawback is that, if you find that there is some graphing calculator function you must use, and you've found it to be helpful, it won't be on this one. But I've personally never found such a "mandatory" graphing calculator function, at least not for the SAT. Allen: I like the Ti-89 the most. It's one of the most powerful calculators acceptable on the SAT. Why do I love it? It has much more functionality that most other calculators (and is more expensive as well). It gives you answers back in fraction and "rationalized" format: so if the answer is 10/17, it will give you that, instead of a decimal jumble like0.5882352 (which leaves you to match it up). I find the equation solver to be pretty helpful. Solving 3x+4y=6, 9x+2y=-10 is kind of a pain manually, and you can just type this in on the Ti-89. But typing it in correctly takes not much less effort that solving on paper, so I can go either way on this. It's definitely not a "mandatory feature." Key CalculatorActionables The most important lesson for calculator use, again, is to have a calculator at all. Secondly, it's key double-check all entries. Thirdly, you have to develop familiarity with the calculator. And finally, use it mainly for four functions, plus just a bit more. What does this mean you should do? Master one calculator. Bring a backup to the test, or at least backup batteries. What do we not recommend? Spending hours loading complicated programs into that Ti-84. Relying on using the advanced functions of each calculator. Obsessing over the calculator as the golden ticket to your 800. Now that you know these tips, go out and conquer the SAT Math section! What's Next? Not sure what score to aim for on the SAT? Read our guide to learnhow to figure out your target SAT score! Need more helpprepping for the SAT Math section?We're here to help! Check out our ultimate SAT Math guide for everything you need to know to ace this section of the SAT. Hoping for a top SAT Math score? Read our guide, written by a perfect scorer, on how to get an 800 on SAT Math. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Setting up an independent record label ( BUSINESS PLAN ) Essay

Setting up an independent record label ( BUSINESS PLAN ) - Essay Example The independent music industry around the world is renowned for providing a platform to such artistes who are either not considered commercially viable by the large companies or do not consider themselves worthy enough to approach larger music companies. As a result, such artistes seek the advice or aid of independent labels. Theses labels have recently caught the attention of larger scale companies Like Universal etc for their successful promotion and in fact the astronomical sales of certain artistes is a testimony to the success of the labels. In the United Kingdom alone, certain independent labels such as Stiff Records, factory Records and Rough trade have helped define certain vital niches for the artists they promote. In the United States, these labels have a long history stretching back to post-war period such as Sun Records. (Barry 1997) One of the major success factors of these companies has been technology, as now individuals can produce quality music while sitting at home. The decrease in the costing and access to numerous customers has resulted in the recent expansion of the Indies. (David 1999) This business plan would refer to the set -up of "Zee Ma Records"; an independent music label which would pertain to the music genres of punk rock and dance compilations. The reason for having these two poles opposed to each other music genres is that dance compilations would allow the company to earn a steady amount of income while the actual focus would be on promoting punk rock acts which have been overlooked by major companies. Punk rock acts are huge in number and this business plan would be focusing on the punk rocks in the United Kingdom. Another reason for the selection of this particular genre has been the fact that numerous acts have been successful in the recent times in the independent sector especially and therefore a viable sector to invest in. Zee Ma records stands for quality and Originality and it offers contracts to artists with the assurance of proper representation. (Shemtob & Braund 2005) This company would be operating on a smaller scale in the initial phase and therefore, the key personnel would be of a limited number as the cost actor has to be kept in mind at all times. The initial operational phase would include three members as the entire management team. The director would be the main face of the corporation who would handle all the management, legal and business affairs as well as having the final say in the accounts. However, for most deals and contracts specialists would be hired to deal with them as the director would be relatively inexperienced initially. (Andrew 2005) The other two personnel would be responsible for the office administration, book-keeping, press, radio and media promotion. The staff costs would therefore, vary according to the skills of the personnel and the amount of work required from them. The label would offer two sorts of contract; a royalty contract and a 50:50 profit split. The contracts terms and conditions would vary according to the reputation of the artist, their time of association with the label, and their success

Egyptian book of the death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Egyptian book of the death - Essay Example After that, the Nile Valley area became a province under the Roman Empire and was ruled from outside its borders for almost a thousand years. It was at this time that its culture changed out of all recognition. As a result, the Egyptian book of the dead was written as a collection of chapters made up of formulas and magic spells written and illustrated on papyrus. These funeral chapters began to appear in tombs at around 1600 BC. It is the guidebook that guides the deceased to a happy afterlife. The text is made to be read by the deceased as they travel into the underworld. By reading it, the deceased would overcome obstacles so as not to loose their way. The practice was possible by providence of passwords, clues, and revealing information on routes that allowed the deceased person to navigate around hazards and answer questions. It would grant the protection and help of the gods while reading the deceased’s identity with the gods2. Around 5000 years ago, the Egyptians established an enduring and extraordinary civilization. The following is a journey through it all. The first breakthrough to Egypt civilization came along the valley of River Nile. This locality is flat, and the climate alternated between the hot-dry and the very wet, with the latter producing floods of rivers and swamps. These conditions challenged the human skills and his ingenuity. The rivers led to success in agriculture, and thus, the large and still growing population was sustainable. The desert that protected the land from attacks and invasions by neighbors sealed the Egyptian breakthrough. This success led to advancement in other and broader fields such as writing, calendar, centralized system of government and a system of irrigation all developed. As a result, Egypt divided into provinces, each ruled by a monarch. Feuds and conflict were common. Menes was

Read the Ford Case Study and answer the 3 questions assigned Essay

Read the Ford Case Study and answer the 3 questions assigned - Essay Example This cash position seemed much more considerable when compared to the company’s $57 billion market capitalization in the year 2000. This cash accumulation seemed humongous and it needed proper allocation of this cash reserve to make sure that the company progresses smoothly and steadily in future. The cash position was almost half of the market capitalization i.e. the market value of the company at that time. The company’s directors decided to use the Value Enhancement Plan to distribute the cash amongst its shareholders. The alternatives for cash distribution would have been: Investing those funds into other profitable investments/ventures. Capital Expenditure i.e. by buying any machinery/equipment that can be used within the business for a long period of time. The Value Enhancement Plan (VEP) was designed to distribute cash amongst the shareholders of the company. Under the VEP, the existing shareholders would exchange their common or Class B share type one-for-one fo r a new share of the same type. Besides that, the shareholders had the right to receive $20 cash or $20 cash equivalent shares based upon the market value of the shares as on July 2000. The aim of the VEP was to ensure better flexibility, liquidity and alignment for its shareholders.

Divinity of Rama in Ramayana

Divinity of Rama in Ramayana Divinity of Rama in Ramayana The Ramayana is as old and mysterious a poem just as the controversial divinity of Rama, the protagonist. The question of whether Rama is a divine being or just a ‘written-about here has been lingering in the minds of many scholars, especially Western Scholars, for so long a time and still remains satisfactorily answered. Many attempts have gone into critically examining the Ramayana, the first and without any doubt most important Indian poem. Many scholars have marshaled a host of interpretation on interpolations that to some extent explain the doubts that Ramas divinity was not part of the original poem but rather later additions. Using Homeric analysis some scholars posit that a given passage can be dropped or added to an original piece of art in this case the Ramayana.Therefore the sections of the Ramayana presenting Rama as a divine here were later interpolations. They support the view that Rama is a divine incarnation was not an original part of the poem but a later addition. It is argued that the deification of Rama is was a slow process of euhumerisation whereby a â€Å"Semi-hero† of past historic and heroic scene reincarnates through and local divinity into a demigod status, only later on to achieve deity[1]. On the contrary, however, Rama is presented as a ‘thorough human. This is the opinion held by Western scholars. The reason is that about a quarter of vulgate did not form the original â€Å"valmiki† poem from which all our versions come[2]. The divinity of Rama is to be addressed from the higher ‘criticism because even so, arguments that challenge his divinity have been fronted party because of the enormity of doubt. For example books II VI according to Ruben, a Western scholar, were all later insertions to the original work. On the contrary Rama is assumed to be reincarnation of Vishnu, through a heroic epic. However, some scholars argue that Ramas divinity is not to be judged with accordance to the later additions to the Ramayana but be judged from the entire perspective of Ramayana[3]. Ramas interview with his dead father ‘Dasaratha is a divine capacity. Rama, ‘the heart of the gods, and their deepest secret is presented as divine being or so. Because, how then can he talk to his dead father as if the dead father was still alive, and wishes him well and ‘a long life. This is more than just human. Its the logic of divinity meaning the human embodiment of divinity. Rama was a great ruler, with the features expected of a husband. Indian traditions and culture view the easy accommodation of a ‘divine being into an ‘ideal human. If Rama was an ideal man as postulated, it was only possible he became the ‘divine savior.[4] From books II VI, Rama is presented as a hero who challenges evil. A human figure to defeat superhuman adversity probably, Rama has the divine power to be able to do just that[5]. From such happenings the Ramayana is laden with the mystery of Ramas nature. It makes no logic that Rama; a human being can destroy Ravana supers natural being because indeed the two cannot be linked, not unless there is a divine force to bond the two diversities.There are some explicit statements from Ramayana that present Ramas as a King with more than human powers. Surpanakha for example presents Rama to her brother Khara as â€Å"the image of the king of gandharras[6]. Sita refers to Rama as having divine powers. It becomes evidently clear that Rama indeed has divine powers and is not only a human King figure but rather a godly one too. There are direct statements from Ramayana that express the superhuman nature of Rama. He receives those words from Laksmana in the third book when Rama was getting re ady to destroy the Worlds in a fit of rage over the demise of site[7]. The Ramayana narrative excludes gods and categorically so, similarly, it debars men implicitly just like the Greek epic of Achilles. In both, we encounter the ‘heroic paradox. Just as Achilles superhuman character in the epithelia cited above, Rama qualifies to the same caliber of socio-religious stature of divine beings. And reaching the Ramayana, it enables us to transform it to the mythic level of struggle between divinity and humanity, evil and good. So then, transforming the character of the antagonist to envision the ability of the hero to engage formidable and vast unearthly powers of the foe is true of Rama.[8] In the Indian cultural history, evil is not presented a psychosocial problem of human life but is rather presented as a mythic problem. Note that the demonic issue does not constitute itself as plainly a human issue and cannot be devised in human terms because the human expresses itself only as in opposition to demonic. And the struggle against demonic evil is a s such lying wholly beyond the sphere of human participation[9]. Evil is terrestrial, and in this universe, the extermination of evil is only divine. Rama was banished and excluded from taking kingship. However, according to Ayodhyakanda, Bharadvaja, a prophet tells Bharata that he should not fault Kaikayi because Ramas banishment will turn out to be a great blessing (Pollock 512). Previously Bharata had refused to consent to Ramas wishes to become king. The destructions following the death of the king of Ayodhya forced all seers into a committee that spoke to Bharata about the destruction of Ravana. The Ramayana clearly spells out the rather superhuman nature of Rama; both in its original form and even with the added chapters to it. The entire narration is bent on giving Rama a divine appearance. Rama is documented to have seen the wise lad himself, the lord of gods, his body luminous of fire or the sun. Rama witnessed this apparition on his way to the ashram of the sage of Sarabhanga[10]. This passage where Rama sees the lord of the gods can be adequately defended from the conventional interpretation. At the defeat of Ravana, Ramas father appears and the conversation that ensued proves further that Rama was supreme among men. The excerpt vividly portrays Rama as a human -semi-god with the ability to combat evil even for the other gods. In the Ramayana, the boons particulars were that Ravana would not be destroyed or slain by anything be it gods, danavas, gandharvas pisacas birds or even serpents. Ravana though is greedy and wanted the ultimate power of immortality, Ravanas destruction by Rama as such was a work of the gods to avenge the abusive character of Ravana. The connection between the gods and Rama is imminent enough to account for Ramas divinity[11]. Looking back at the birth of Rama, in the Balakanda, it comes near to explaining and declaring Ramas birth plus that of his three brothers as borne by divine intervention; their births as incarnations of Vishnu. This part of the Balakanda is nearer to the older pattern than the second part of Uttarakanda, where the prevailing attitude is that Rama is divine. However later on, the attitude of dedication and complete self-surrender to Rama re-establishes Rama as an incarnation of Vishnu. However, the lack of the term Avatara is less surprising in the general sense of which it can be used to describe the four brothers as ‘embodied Avataras as it were of dharma, Artha and Kama together with Moksa. Probably the growth of the storys popularly influenced religious convictions to all because, as early as the Uttarakanda Ramas story was widespread, wide enough to evoke a religious following[12]. Maybe to point out a little behind the mind thought could Ramas following have a cultish aspect? Maybe later on one can cite the incident where the crow that tormented Sita takes refuge in Rama, himself, from his arrow. This incident though later on accommodated as usual points at the inclinations towards divinity of Rama. The Ramayana does not give evidence of the existence cult before the 12th century. However, there should be no denying that one could have been there. The question of why the crow rested with Rama poses a question of whether righteous inclination is an all time right or a compromised right. But rather emphasizing Ramas righteousness, one would follow the network of Ramas following and its amazing how divine Rama is conceived to have been. Rama is readily tolerable in the Buddhist tradition, as a Bodhisattva. In Jainism Rama is accepted as one of the greatest figures[13]. It is true that the popularity of Ramayana precipitates the widespread controversy on the divinity of Rama in the story and the controversy on whether his divinity is an inclusion in the poem. Despite the opposing western perspectives Rama is understood widely as one who is righteous, dharmajua, and grateful, truthful and resolute. There are indications from his virtues, which point to the fact that Rama was more than human. The attributes of Rama to challenge evil complete the Ramayana story so that it points at the essence of the divinity of Rama from the onset. Therefore Rama is divine and his divinity is not an inclusion in the Ramayana. Work cited Brockington, Joseph. Righteous Rama: the evolution of an epic, London, UK: Oxford University Press, 1985 Datta, Amaresh. The Encyclopedia of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2006 Pollock, Sheldon. The divine king in the Indian epic. Journal of the American oriental society. Vol.104 (3) 1984; 505-528 Sharma, Ramashraya. Socio-Political Study of the Valmiki Ramayana, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi: Banarsidass Publishers, 1986 [1] Brockington 214 [2] Pollock 516 [3] Datta 83 [4] Pollock 519 [5] Datta 80 [6] Brockington 198 [7] Brockington 317 [8] Pollock 509 [9] Brockington 200 [10] Brockington 310 [11] Sharma 185 [12] Sharma 190 [13] Sharma 192

Cormac McCarthys All the Pretty Horses Essay -- All Pretty Horses Cor

Cormac McCarthy's All the Pretty Horses In All the Pretty Horses, Cormac McCarthy reveals the limitations of a romantic ideology in the real world. Through his protagonist, John Grady Cole, the author offers three main examples of a man’s attempt to live a romantic life in the face of hostile reality: a failed relationship with an unattainable woman; a romantic and outdated relationship with nature; and an idealistic decision to live as an old-fashioned cowboy in an increasingly modern world. In his compassionate description of John Grady, McCarthy seems to endorse these romantic ideals. At the same time, the author makes clear the harsh reality and disappointments of John Grady’s chosen way of life. When John Grady leaves Texas at the age of 16, he seems to have a plan. He wants to become a cowboy and have a close relationship with nature. John Grady’s character is hopelessly romantic; he takes action without caring about repercussions. In All the Pretty Horses, John Grady falls in love with people or things that are unable to love him back at the same level. Whether it’s his relationship with Alejandra, or his love for horses, it seems as though he is obsessed with these unattainable relationships. When John Grady meets Alejandra, he sets himself up for a situation that provokes conflict. This doesn’t seem to bother him, since John Grady is not content to live a life without risk. If anything, it may be that John Grady falls in love with Alejandra because of the potential conflict with her father, the powerful Don Hector. He finds conflict more appealing than harmony because it conforms to his ideal of the dangerous West. When John Grady tells his friend, Rawlins, about his first meeting with Alejandra, the author use... .... McCarthy’s novel is not about a boy trying to find his place in society, but about a boy trying to find himself and who he really is apart from society. John Grady begins the story with no answers, and at the end he still doesn’t have a clue. There is no resolution for him; there are only more questions, conflicts, and misunderstandings. I think that McCarthy’s point is that to live romantically is to live without cause, without real hope, and ultimately without love. Despite the author’s obvious compassion for John Grady and his idealism, he shows us through romantically descriptive writing that a romantic lifestyle cannot work in this world. The book ends with John Grady riding out into the sunset, having learned nothing, with no place to go. Until the character learns how to compromise with society and give up his romanticism, his life will have no purpose.

How to Reduce Electricity Usage

Electricity is one of primary needed of human being in this time; most of equipment in the world uses electricity . Now Indonesia is facing a serious problem because the over usage of electricity and the capacity of electricity is deficiency. The needs of electricity is increase every year, in this situation reduce usage of electricity is very important.Most highest electricity usage time is between 5 pm to 10 pm , this time is the best time for reduce or avoid the usage of heavy electricity consuming equipments like water heater, computer, refrigerator and etc. There are several steps involved in reducing electricity usage. First, use the saver energy lamp. Lamp is absorbing more electricity power than other equipment; light has longer usage than other equipment, especially for incandescent lamp. Many people still using incandescent lamp at their house, particularly for villager.They use incandescent lamp because is cheaper than the saver energy lamp like Phillips lamp for example, maybe it is more expensive than incandescent lamp, but the saver energy lamp have longer usage lifetime than incandescent, and it is brighter than incandescent lamp. But actually incandescent lamps have bigger power consumed than other lamp, and 19% of electricity is absorbing by lamp. â€Å"Incandescent lamps are marketed in various forms and are available for voltage (voltage) of work that range from 1. 5 to 300 volts of electricity required volt. Incandescent lamp to produce a bright light is bigger than any other artificial light sources like fluorescent lamps and diode light, then gradually in some countries began to be restricted circulation of incandescent lamps† (1) Second, switch off all the electricity equipment when not in use. Many people forget for switch off the equipment went they leave, they just left it in the on condition and that really waste the electricity.The standby mode just decreases electricity usage of the device, but it still absorbing the electric ity power. To avoid this happened, better if use automatically off timer on television, air conditioner, and etc, it will switch off the equipment automatically and reduce wasting electricity. Third, do not use the heavy electricity equipments from 5 pm until 10 pm. In this time, the user of electricity is the highest usage number. One of the wasting electricity causes is because using heavy electricity equipment.Like ironing or use washing machine. It can increase the usage of electricity, better if using this kind of equipment at the daylight and use it when the clothes already pile up and that is really save the electricity power. â€Å"If 10 million house users can save as big as 50 watt during 5 pm until 10 pm, we can save electricity power 2500 million watt hour (2500 MWh). If each 1 KWh electricity needs 0,3 liter diesel , that means we were saving 750 kiloliter diesel in 5 hour. † (2) Last, use sunlight and wind at daylight as useful as possible.Sunlight can dry laund ry naturally without use dry machine, dry machine absorb twice time bigger electricity power than when washing clothes. And open all the windows in the house, so the sunlight can come in and we do not need lamp as the lighting. Sunlight also can be changed to the synthetic electricity with the solar panel, that why use sunlight is really useful. Besides that Turning off air conditioner or fan and use wind as the change, it will reduce much electricity power.By doing this several steps, the ways to save electricity usage will be easier. It also can help government to resolve the deficiency electricity problem. Besides that, it can decrease the electricity payment too. And many advantages can be reaching, like increase the lifetime of equipment (because it not use often) and reducing global warming. And this is really useful for the better future.

Peculiarities of Plagiarism

Peculiarities of Plagiarism Plagiarism is one of the most crucial problems of academic writing. Today, the level of plagiarism increases due to the easy access of Internet sources. Many students copy the sentences or the ideas of the researchers or other students without marking it as the citation. The results of such method of writing lead to a number of problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peculiarities of Plagiarism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First of all, copying someone’s words, the student does not reflect about the real meaning of the particular idea; therefore, he/she does not comprehend the topic appropriately. Moreover, in some situations, plagiarism can be considered as a crime, copyright infringement. It is obvious that plagiarism is a significant problem within the process of academic writing. There are several aspects of possibility of plagiarism. Firstly, it may happen by chance due to the use of the facts which the student may consider as common or well-known. In this case, he/she does not provide a name of the author or source. However, this problem can be easily avoided by the use of the quotation marks and footnotes or endnotes. Surely, everyone has the different writing ability. Therefore, many students try to search some information that can help them to cope with the assignments. They cite not only the sources which are appropriate and can be used in a paper, but also the samples of works of other students without changing the structure of sentences, paragraphs or even the whole texts. Most of the time, such work fails the verification procedure and gets the negative responses. In order to avoid this problem, students should paraphrase sentences or to restate it in a different way. Thus, there will be evidence that the student wrote this paper by oneself and comprehended the topic well. As it was mentioned before, when the student use the certain facts or ideas, it is necessary to m ark it as a citation. The various citation styles have the different requirements of the endnotes and footnotes. However, all of them emphasize the necessity of an adequate citing. Besides, when the student uses an appropriate quotation from a good source, this point can help to get better results. The teacher will admit that the student made a deep research, analyzing the related texts.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, today there is an access to the programs which can check the paper, indicting the sentences that have to be reworded. Although many people may suppose that this issue is not significant, I totally disagree with this statement. Plagiarism can be considered as a stealing of someone’s property and, depending of the level of seriousness, the person who uses plagiarism can bear the disciplinary or criminal liability. Academic writing has to dem onstrate the personal ability to make the research, to analyze the ideas, compare and contrast the opinions and to express the reflection. Therefore, it is absolutely wrong to present someone’s idea or text as one’s own. Simple paraphrasing and the use of quotation marks will help to solve the problem. However, it is always necessary to pay attention to the information provided in the text in order to be sure of its originality, importance and adequacy. As the use of Internet makes thousands of sources available, the different programs that check the plagiarism are also can be accessible and used in order to solve this serious problem of academic writing.

Taxi Driver Wisdom essays

Taxi Driver Wisdom essays Taxi drivers, we see them everyday and can regard them as any other day-to-day worker. However, more than likely, society generally thinks of them negatively. For example, there are commentaries that recommend being careful when riding cabs, especially at night, because cabbies can easily seize the belongings of their passengers by murdering them or letting them faint through a chemical mixed with the airconditioner. Therefore, whenever I see passengers seat themselves at the back, it doesnt take much for me to recognize that the reason they do that is to monitor all the moves the driver makes. Furthermore, not only do I think that cabbies have the potential to be dangerous, but they can be quite such opportunists. I have learned of news extras on TV and newspapers of a number of people complaining about taxi drivers who take advantage of the belongings their passengers have mistakenly left, even if these purses, laptops or file envelopes have contact information. In addition, many c ab operators violate their responsibility to ensure fair and proper service to passengers. To illustrate, when my group of friends tried to hail taxi cabs early in the night in order to go from Ortigas to Libis, the cabbies whom we encountered either refused to give transportation or demanded for discriminatingly high prices to the hundreds. No doubt, I have the impression that taxi drivers are dangerous, opportunistic and unfair. That was the notion that I had of taxi drivers until I held a conversation with one of them. Late in my 4th yr. high school life, I decided to come back home from school by hiring a cab. I stood in front of the Ateneo campus and waved for a vacant taxi. Once I seated at the rear, I kept silent and looked at the drivers ID to verify the cabbie. The middle-aged man had a dark complexion, typical of any other taxi driver I have seen. Then about five minutes into our trip, the man caught my eye in the rearview ...

Forms of economic dangers that threatened members of the lower classes Essay

Forms of economic dangers that threatened members of the lower classes of Europe in 19th century - Essay Example This paper investigates the many forms of economic dangers that threatened members of the lower classes of Europe during the first half of the nineteenth century and the measures they took to avoid or deal with these dangers. There were various economic dangers that various people from the lower classes of Europe faced during the first half of the nineteenth century. During this period most young people moved from rural areas to cities looking for work which resulted to high population growth in the cities. Although the economic life of the lower class in Europe had always been inferior, it greatly deteriorated during the early part of the nineteenth century. The key economic threats they faced included, starvation, unemployment, poor living conditions, lack of good sanitation and water, overcrowding, deskilling, low wages as noted by Etienne Bede in his first job (Traugott 52), poor working conditions, lack job protection, and social and political tensions (Zeydel). The rapid rise i n population due to the impact of the industrial revolution as well as the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, resulted to food shortages in the early nineteenth century with most of the lower class people facing starvation and not able to afford food. Furthermore, Poor food (cereal) harvests and the potato blight that attacked potato crops in Ireland resulted to wide spread food shortages and food riots, and a sharp in food prices way beyond the means of the lower class (Vanhaute, Paping, and O’Grada 2-5). Norbert Truquin in his biography recounts of near starvation spells as he barely earned enough and the food prices were high (Traugott 263-265). In early nineteenth century, life was penurious for the lower class. There was no protection of jobs and a person could easily lose their jobs. While factories attempted to provide steady work to their employees, where there wasn’t much to be done, the factories would close up. Or in Truquin’s case, h e found it hard to find work since factories had closed. And when he did find work, it only lasted for twelve days, earning barely enough to support him (Traugott 281-283). Furthermore, the political and social tensions were prevalent, and greatly presented a threat to the workers sustaining their daily jobs. Etienne Bede recounts of his fear in working as well his hesitation to open shop at his home town due to fear of being arrested for abandoning the army (Traugott 56, 58). Furthermore, worker class actions in protest of poor working conditions and low wages for most made things even worse for low class working persons. This can be noted in Truiquin’s case where ran out of money within four days after taking part in a demonstration against the government for unemployment and bad working conditions (Traugott 280-282). Furthermore, Suzanne Voilquin reiterates that most periods after restoration as exceeding depressing and distressing for worker (Traugott 101). For the workme n of organized trade such as Perdiguier, jobs tended to be seasonal and hence they had to travel looking for work

Moises Silva's A Case for Calvinistic Hermeneutics Research Paper

Moises Silva's A Case for Calvinistic Hermeneutics - Research Paper Example According to Moises, the Calvinistic hermeneutics is an expression of the interpretation from the Calvinists. The Calvinists have their interpretation in accordance to the intended message from the historical writers, which is acceptable and understood. The Calvinists have their own theories, principles and methods that are entirely used in expressing their interpretation of the scriptures. The Calvinists indulge such methods, principles and studies to ensure they come out with the best interpretation of the Bible.   This is an acceptable standard that is used worldwide in their quest for a universal interpretation that is devoid of distorted information.   This shows that the Calvinists have their own unique way of interpreting the Bible, which is acceptable in their own fraternity. Therefore, the use of other principles and methods in interpreting the Bible would not be acceptable by the Calvinists.   Moises insists that this is the root of a difference in some of the interpr etations in scriptures. Different fraternities have their own form of interpreting the Bible, which may not be acceptable with other fraternities.Moises states that all Christians in the world have their unique way of interpreting the Bible and scriptures. This depends on the factors that are respected by the Christians, and theory of unending faith to believe in the scriptures. This is an indication that Christians might have the same reading but have a different interpretation.... Therefore, the use of other principles and methods in interpreting the Bible would not be acceptable by the Calvinists. Moises insists that this is the root of a difference in some of the interpretations in scriptures. Different fraternities have their own form of interpreting the Bible, which may not be acceptable with other fraternities. Moises states that all Christians in the world have their unique way of interpreting the Bible and scriptures. This depends on the factors that are respected by the Christians, and theory of unending faith to believe in the scriptures. This is an indication that Christians might have the same reading but have a different interpretation, depending on their understanding of the scriptures. Comprehending the scriptures, therefore, depends on the Christian individual and the various values that are inclined to one’s faith in believing the scriptures. Some biblical texts have an insight while others have a deeper meaning. The meanings vary from C hristian to Christian, depending on the focal point and view of the information embedded in the scriptures. Some Christians only understand the outright meaning of a scripture and only take such information to use in their daily life. However, stout Christians will have a deeper and insightful reasoning from a scripture.3 This indicates that the two types of Christians read the same scripture but will denote a different understanding. This gives a difference in the hermeneutic expression, though it is in the same context. Therefore, focus on such would be a vital factor in understanding Moises’ Calvinistic hermeneutics. According to Moises, there are a number of Christians that have their own difference in interpretation the scriptures. Though they may have the