Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design Essay Example for Free

Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design Essay ? 1. Describe the effect plowing can have on crash forces when the impact surface is soft soil. Earth gouging and scooping of soil occur when the structure makes initial contact with the ground which minimize the acceleration and force levels to which the structure is subjected. Soft soil can cause plowing and rapid deceleration if there is a large horizontal velocity component. A high-speed longitudinal impact into water can also cause high loads from water plowing as water enters through lower nose transparencies. Reducing the earth scooping effects encountered in longitudinal impacts should include a large, relatively flat surface thereby increasing the aircraft’s tendency to slide over the impact terrain and by minimizing inward buckling of the fuselage nose or engine nacelle to maintain skid surface integrity. 2. Explain the term submarining in respect to the use of lap belt restraints. What human injuries may result? This is where the lap belt rides over the pelvic brim and compresses the soft tissues of the abdomen resulting in serious abdominal and spinal injuries. Submarining occurs due to the pelvis rotating under the lap belt, usually due to inappropriate location of the lap belt anchors or due to poor design of the seat bottom or a combination of both. Lap belt only restraints so commonly inflicted serious injuries on users in automobile crashes that the medical community coined a new term, â€Å"the seat belt syndrome†, to describe  the constellation of injuries caused by submarining under the lap belt. ftp://ftp.rta.nato.int/pubfulltext/RTO/EN/RTO-EN-HFM-113/EN-HFM-113-06.pdf 3. Discuss forward and rearward facing passenger seats and explain which you feel may be an advantage in crash survivability. The rearward-facing seat is optimal for providing maximum support and contact area in longitudinal impacts. The only critical impact sequence for the rearward-facing seat is one that involves a severe lateral component that allows sideward movement of the occupant prior to application of the longitudinal or vertical Pulse. However, lateral torso movement can be minimized by use of a torso restraint system of much lighter weight than that required for other seat orientations. The rearward-facing cabin seat is preferred. 4. Explain the concept and intention of Delethalization of Cockpit and Cabin Interiors. The delethalization of cockpit and cabin interiors is the design and set up of aircraft cockpits and cabins to prevent injury on impact. This is done by ensuring the occupant’s immediate environment be designed so that when the body parts do flail and contact rigid or semi-rigid structures, injury potential is minimized. This can be done in different manners. First is to relocate the hazardous structure or object out of the occupant’s reach or the hazard might be reduced by mounting the offending structure on frangible or energy-absorbing supports and applying a padding material to distribute the contact force over a larger area on the body member. The aircraft interior has occupant strike envelopes, meaning that there are hazards that are more conducive to occupant injury than others. Overall the intent is to protect the head and torso first to prevent debilitating injuries or death and then protecting the lower body parts to ensure the area hazards are clear of tripping hazards or anything that could prevent rapid escape. Typical contact hazards in the cockpit area include window and door frames, consoles, controls and control columns, seat backs,  electrical junction boxes, glare shields, and instrument panels. Contact hazards commonly found in aircraft cabin areas include window and door frames, seats, and fuselage structure. Use of suitable energy absorbing padding materials, frangible breakaway panels, smooth contoured surfaces, or ductile materials in the typical hazard areas mentioned is recommended to reduce the injury potential of occupied areas. The use of protective helmets is also recommended in certain types of aircraft. 5. Explain the expected advantage frangible fuel system attachments can provide as an aircraft post-crash survival technique. Frangible Attachment- An attachment possessing a part that is designed to fail at a predetermined location and/or load. Frangible structures or frangible bolts should be used at all attachment points between fuel tanks and aircraft structure to prevent fuel tank components from being torn out of the tank wall during impact. Frangible attachments should be used at other points in the flammable fluid systems where aircraft structural deformation could lead to flammable fluid leakage. This increases the survivability by containing any remaining fuel to the tank its encapsulated within and reducing the chance of a fire being spread throughout a crash site or into the cabin. 6. What are some of the key concerns when selecting aircraft interior materials form a crash survivability perspective? All aircraft interior materials such as seat fabrics and cushions, interior wall insulations, and nonmetallic structural components must be flame resistant and produce the least amount of smoke and toxic gases possible. 7. Describe some of the key points of post-crash design criteria associated with oil and hydraulic systems. Oil and hydraulic fluids are easily ignited and can serve as ready ignition sources for fuel meaning fluid spillage should be prevented. Oil tanks and  hydraulic reservoirs should not be located where spilled or sprayed fluid can readily be ingested into the engine or ignited by the engine exhaust. Oil tanks and hydraulic reservoirs should not be located near the bottom of the fuselage, in or above engine compartments, in electrical compartments, in occupiable areas under, in front of, or at the side of heavy masses, such as engines and transmissions, nor above landing gears Oil and hydraulic lines should consist of flexible hoses with steel-braided outer sheaths and for high-temperature; coiled metal tubing should be used. Lines should not be routed, near the bottom of the fuselage, over landing gears, under, in front of, or at the sides of heavy masses, such as engines and transmissions, in the leading edges of wings, in areas of anticipated rotor blade impact, in any area where flammable fluids could be spilled or sprayed onto hot surfaces or ingested into the engine or above electrical wiring 8. Considering aircraft electrical system post-crash survivability design, what are the guidelines concerning routing electrical wires in the vicinity of flammable fluid lines? Wiring is a prime ignition source for leaking oil, fuel or hydraulic fluid leaks or vapors. To aid in crash survivability wires should be routed above or away from flammable fluid lines and they should never be closely spaced between outer skin and fuel lines. Wires must not be routed near flammable fluid tanks unless the wires are shrouded to prevent arcing. Wires should not be routed near the bottom of the fuselage, over landing gears or in the leading edges of wings. 9. What G forces are experienced if an aircraft impacts the ground at a speed of 120 MPH and skids along the ground 50 feet before coming to rest? 9.8 G’s. 120^2/50 = 14400/50=288288x.034=9.79 10. Explain why you believe passenger airlines do not have to utilize passenger shoulder harnesses as a crash survival precaution. The passenger shoulder harness is not used for crash survival because: *  The cost of the harnesses for one would be huge to retrofit all the airliners in the fleet today and that cost would be put onto the customer. * The need for various sizes; very small through very large would result in further cost. * Comfort, if people are not comfortable then they will not have a good flying experience while others may have a fear or feeling that they are trapped. * The ability to understand how to use the shoulder harness. Most cannot figure out how to wear the harness which would delay taxiing and flight times. The required ability to quickly restrap in bad weather or to unstrap in an egress situation could be deadly. * Americans don’t like to be told what they have to do†¦.they are the paying customer. Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design. (2016, Oct 19).

Portfolio Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Report - Research Paper Example The average return of M&S is 2.53% which is greater than Next which only has 1.61%, this means that there is greater return on investment on M&S than Next. The correlation of returns of 53.08% indicated that there is positive relationship between the two shares. Portfolio A's variance are very low, with 0.68% to Next and 0.95% to M&S, which means that there are lesser failure in achieving greater returns from these shares. The scatter diagram and the line graph clearly depicted the close relationship between the two shares. Given that they came from the same sector, the risk and the return for investment are somewhat the same. Table 2 present the important indicators of Thomas Cook and Alliance Trust. Indicators include Average return, variance of returns, standard deviation of returns, covariance of returns and correlation returns. The average return of Thomas Cook is 50.45% which is greater than Alliance Trust which only has 22.16%, this means that there is greater return on investment on M&S than Next. The correlation of returns of -3.10%, which indicates that there is negatively low relationship between the two shares. Portfolio B's variance are very high, with 927.32 % to Thomas Cook and 160.42% to Alliance Trust, which means that there are greater risk of failure in achieving greater returns from these shares. The scatter diagram and the line graph clearly depicted tha... The correlation of returns of -3.10%, which indicates that there is negatively low relationship between the two shares. Portfolio B's variance are very high, with 927.32 % to Thomas Cook and 160.42% to Alliance Trust, which means that there are greater risk of failure in achieving greater returns from these shares. The scatter diagram and the line graph clearly depicted that there is no relationship between the two shares. Given that they came from different sector, the risk and the return for investment are not the same. III. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The concept of diversification in investing was done in this paper, with the aim of selecting a collection of investment assets that has collectively lower risk than any individual asset. This is possible, in theory, because different types of assets often change in value in opposite ways. For example, when the prices in the stock market fall, the prices in the bond market often increase, and vice versa. A collection of both types of assets can therefore have lower overall risk than either individually. The results indicated that the investor should invest in Portfolio A, since it yielded a positive correlation of return and less variance. Portfolio A has maximized the return and minimized risk, which made it the best

Broadcast TV Show - Family Guy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Broadcast TV Show - Family Guy - Research Paper Example Family Guy, for example, is an animated evening sitcom broadcast by the FOX network that celebrates the dysfunction of the American family but attempts to encourage more critical thinking in social commentary. Generally, Family Guy presents the different adventures of an average American family that includes the four major roles within the dysfunctional family. The Griffin family consists of the overweight, mentally disadvantaged father Peter, his fallen debutante wife Lois, their oldest son Chris, daughter Meg, infant son Stewie, and anthropomorphic pet dog Brian. Chris is almost as stupid as his father, but he takes on the role of the caretaker, "the families social director or clown, diverting the familys attention from pain and anger" (Burney, 2008). Meg is the scapegoat, seen as the unathletic, not necessarily intellectual, slightly overweight, highly insecure, unpopular girl. Stewie is the genius of the family and is set up for the family hero role. Although hes an infant that no one else in the family seems to understand, he constantly comes up with new inventions and ideas of how to eliminate his mother or to rule the world. His plans are sometimes stopped, sometimes joined, by Br ian, the other intellectual member of the family and takes on the role of the lost child. Where Stewies motivations are generally childishly selfish, Brian has a more mature outlook and attempts to add reason back into the conversations. Unlike Stewie, Brian can be understood by the family. It is thought these types of shows are entertaining because they help us feel better about ourselves or our own dysfunctional families. "All families have challenges and problems and sometimes very serious ones. And somehow, when we see them on film, I guess it somehow expiates our own troubles" (Shapiro, 2008). To understand how the show both celebrates American dysfunction and attempts to encourage critical thought within social commentary, it is